Molecular surveillance of norovirus, 2005–16 : an epidemiological analysis of data collected from the NoroNet network
Janko van Beek
(1, 2)
,
Miranda M de Graaf
(1)
,
Haider Al-Hello
,
David Allen
(3)
,
Katia Ambert-Balay
(4, 5)
,
Nadine Botteldoorn
(6)
,
Mia Brytting
(7)
,
Javier Buesa
(8)
,
Maria Cabrerizo
(9)
,
Martin Chan
(10)
,
Fiona Cloak
(11)
,
Ilaria Di Bartolo
(12)
,
Susana Guix
(13)
,
Joanne Hewitt
(14)
,
Nobuhiro Iritani
(15)
,
Miao Jin
(16)
,
Reimar Johne
(17)
,
Ingeborg Lederer
(18)
,
Janet Mans
(19)
,
Vito Martella
(20)
,
Leena Maunula
(21)
,
Georgina Mcallister
(22)
,
Sandra Niendorf
(1)
,
Hubert Niesters
(1, 2)
,
Alexander Podkolzin
(1, 23)
,
Mateja Poljsak-Prijatelj
(1, 24)
,
Lasse Dam Rasmussen
(1, 25)
,
Gábor Reuter
(1, 26)
,
Gráinne Tuite
(1, 24)
,
Annelies Kroneman
(2)
,
Harry Vennema
(2)
,
Marion P Koopmans
(27, 1)
1
Department of Viroscience [Rotterdam, The Netherlands]
2 RIVM - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven]
3 Department of Integrative Physiology
4 Laboratoire de sérologie-virologie (CHU de Dijon)
5 PAM - Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon]
6 Scientific Service of Foodborne Pathogens [Brussels]
7 Microbial Typing Unit [Stockholm]
8 Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina
9 Enterovirus and Viral Gastroenteritis [Madrid]
10 Department of Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong
11 Health Protection Surveillance Centre
12 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety
13 Enteric Virus Laboratory [Barcelona]
14 Norovirus Reference Laboratory [Porirua]
15 Department of Microbiology [Osaka]
16 National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention
17 Department of Biological Safety
18 Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES)
19 University of Pretoria [South Africa]
20 Sanità e Benessere degli Animali
21 Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health [Helsinki]
22 Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
23 National Institute for Health and Welfare [Helsinki]
24 CNR virus entériques - Centre National de Référence des virus entériques [CHU de Dijon]
25 Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology [London, UK]
26 National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
27 Erasmus MC - Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam]
2 RIVM - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven]
3 Department of Integrative Physiology
4 Laboratoire de sérologie-virologie (CHU de Dijon)
5 PAM - Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon]
6 Scientific Service of Foodborne Pathogens [Brussels]
7 Microbial Typing Unit [Stockholm]
8 Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina
9 Enterovirus and Viral Gastroenteritis [Madrid]
10 Department of Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong
11 Health Protection Surveillance Centre
12 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety
13 Enteric Virus Laboratory [Barcelona]
14 Norovirus Reference Laboratory [Porirua]
15 Department of Microbiology [Osaka]
16 National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention
17 Department of Biological Safety
18 Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES)
19 University of Pretoria [South Africa]
20 Sanità e Benessere degli Animali
21 Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health [Helsinki]
22 Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
23 National Institute for Health and Welfare [Helsinki]
24 CNR virus entériques - Centre National de Référence des virus entériques [CHU de Dijon]
25 Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology [London, UK]
26 National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
27 Erasmus MC - Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam]
Haider Al-Hello
- Fonction : Auteur
Katia Ambert-Balay
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 866727
Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 923073
Marion P Koopmans
Connectez-vous pour contacter l'auteur
- Fonction : Auteur correspondant
- PersonId : 1023428
Connectez-vous pour contacter l'auteur
Résumé
BACKGROUND: The development of a vaccine for norovirus requires a detailed understanding of global genetic diversity of noroviruses. We analysed their epidemiology and diversity using surveillance data from the NoroNet network.
METHODS: We included genetic sequences of norovirus specimens obtained from outbreak investigations and sporadic gastroenteritis cases between 2005 and 2016 in Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. We genotyped norovirus sequences and analysed sequences that overlapped at open reading frame (ORF) 1 and ORF2. Additionally, we assessed the sampling date and country of origin of the first reported sequence to assess when and where novel drift variants originated.
FINDINGS: We analysed 16 635 norovirus sequences submitted between Jan 1, 2005, to Nov 17, 2016, of which 1372 (8·2%) sequences belonged to genotype GI, 15 256 (91·7%) to GII, and seven (<0·1%) to GIV.1. During this period, 26 different norovirus capsid genotypes circulated and 22 different recombinant genomes were found. GII.4 drift variants emerged with 2-3-year periodicity up to 2012, but not afterwards. Instead, the GII.4 Sydney capsid seems to persist through recombination, with a novel recombinant of GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant detected in 2014 in Germany (n=1) and the Netherlands (n=1), and again in 2016 in Japan (n=2), China (n=8), and the Netherlands (n=3). The novel GII.P17-GII.17, first reported in Asia in 2014, has circulated widely in Europe in 2015-16 (GII.P17 made up a highly variable proportion of all sequences in each country [median 11·3%, range 4·2-53·9], as did GII.17 [median 6·3%, range 0-44·5]). GII.4 viruses were more common in outbreaks in health-care settings (2239 [37·2%] of 6022 entries) compared with other genotypes (101 [12·5%] of 809 entries for GI and 263 [13·5%] of 1941 entries for GII non-GII.Pe-GII.4 or GII.P4-GII.4).
INTERPRETATION: Continuous changes in the global norovirus genetic diversity highlight the need for sustained global norovirus surveillance, including assessment of possible immune escape and evolution by recombination, to provide a full overview of norovirus epidemiology for future vaccine policy decisions.